E-Cigarettes and Lung Cancer: What a Korean Study Shows | allfacts360
Korean Long-Term Study: Switching to E-Cigarettes Weakens Protection Against Lung Cancer
Seoul, 08 June 2026
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Summary
A large Korean long-term study with more than 4.5 million participants shows that former smokers who switch to e-cigarettes have a significantly higher lung cancer risk than those who quit completely. Experts in Germany see this as an argument for stricter regulations, but point to limits in transferability.
Seoul, 08 June 2026
A South Korean long-term study with data from more than 4.5 million people shows that switching from tobacco cigarettes to e-cigarettes significantly increases the risk of lung cancer compared with quitting smoking completely.
Data Basis and Study Design
In the study, published in the journal "Nature Medicine" under the title "Electronic cigarette use after smoking cessation and lung cancer risk," a research team from Seoul analyzed data from the national screening program "Korean National Health Screening Program." The basis was information on smoking behavior from 2018, which was linked to data on lung cancer diagnoses, lung cancer-related deaths, and overall mortality through 2023. The study's greatest strength is the exceptionally large data base of more than 4.5 million people.
Two groups were compared: smokers who became completely abstinent and those who had first smoked tobacco and then switched to e-cigarettes. "Menschen, die auf E-Zigaretten gewechselt waren, hatten sechs Jahre später ein etwa 56 Prozent höheres Risiko für Lungenkrebs als Menschen, die komplett abstinent waren," the study states. Their risk of developing lung cancer was about 1.5 times higher.
According to the researchers, the risks were particularly pronounced in a high-risk group: "Vor allem in der Hochrisikogruppe (Menschen über 50 mit mindestens zwanzig Jahren Raucherkarriere) zeigten sich stark erhöhte Risikowerte." This included individuals between 50 and 80 years of age with at least 20 so-called "pack-years" (PY), the measure of cumulative smoking exposure. The researchers note that the e-cigarette users in the study consumed commercially available nicotine-containing liquids with up to 20mg/ml.
Who Is Particularly Affected
In the team's view, the results support calls for stricter regulation of e-cigarettes. "…bieten weitere Argumente für eine Einschränkung des E-Zigarettenrauchens durch ähnliche Maßnahmen wie erfolgreich bei konventionellen Tabakzigaretten, zum Beispiel ortsgebundene Rauchverbote und höhere Steuern, sowie umfangreiche Aufklärungs- und Entwöhnungsmaßnahmen." In South Korea, where the data was collected, vapes have been available for purchase since 2008.
Natascha Sommer, head of the Pulmonary Outpatient Clinic at the University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, fundamentally stresses the danger of the nicotine contained in these products: "Nikotin müsse in jeder Darreichungsform als kanzerogenes Zellgift betrachtet werden." Beyond that, carcinogenic effects of e-cigarettes beyond the nicotine they contain are also known.
Limits of Transferability
At the same time, the authors point to several limitations of their investigation. "Krankheiten wie Lungenkrebs entwickeln sich über Jahrzehnte, insofern ist der Beobachtungszeitraum der Studie noch immer ein wenig zu kurz." The transferability to other countries is also limited: "Dazu kommt, dass die Studienergebnisse sich nur eingeschränkt auf Deutschland und Europa übertragen lassen, weil hierzulande deutlich strengere Bestimmungen für E-Zigaretten gelten, etwa was Zusatz- und Aromastoffe angeht, die ebenfalls gesundheitsschädlich sein können."
Ute Mons, head of the Department of Primary Cancer Prevention at the German Cancer Research Center in Heidelberg, contextualizes the data. "Die vorliegende Studie gehört nun zu den ersten großen Langzeitstudien, die eine Einschätzung des Lungenkrebsrisikos und des Gesamtsterblichkeitsrisikos ermöglichen," she says. At the same time, she notes: "Die Ergebnisse der Studie bestätigen zunächst einen seit Langem bekannten Befund: Ein vollständiger Rauchstopp führt bereits innerhalb weniger Jahre zu relevanten Reduktionen des Lungenkrebs- und Sterblichkeitsrisikos."
What Experts Are Calling For
Mons therefore calls for further research for Europe: "Ute Mons sagt, es brauche vergleichbare Studien in Ländern der EU, um die Relevanz der Befunde für Deutschland einschätzen zu können." As a basic principle: "Wo genau die relative Schädlichkeit von E-Zigaretten im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Zigaretten einzuordnen sei, habe man bisher aufgrund fehlender Langzeitstudien nicht klären können."
Despite these knowledge gaps, Mons offers a clear assessment: "Da bei E-Zigaretten im Gegensatz zu herkömmlichen Zigaretten keine Verbrennungsprodukte entstehen und dadurch deutlich weniger Schadstoffe aufgenommen werden, sind sie weniger schädlich als herkömmliche Zigaretten, aber nicht harmlos." Even if the results, due to the limitations of the data and the study design, likely overestimate the health risks of e-cigarettes, this basic pattern overall appears robust in the study.
The authors recommend using e-cigarettes at most on a temporary basis for smoking cessation: "In diesem Fall sollten E-Zigaretten möglichst nur vorübergehend zur Unterstützung des Rauchstopps eingesetzt und anschließend durch eine schrittweise Reduktion der Nikotindosis ausgeschlichen werden." The benefits of quitting smoking are diminished by e-cigarettes, because while vaporization does not produce harmful combustion products, the long-term consequences of "vapes" have not yet been sufficiently researched.
Internationally, approaches to evaluating e-cigarettes diverge. "Länder wie Großbritannien setzen etwa darauf, dass die Bevölkerung künftig E-Zigaretten statt Tabak raucht." In the research team's view, however, the Korean data suggest that this strategy must be preceded by a careful health-related assessment.
The authors also point out that the effects occur independently of the nicotine content. "Darüber hinaus seien auch kanzerogene Effekte von E-Zigaretten jenseits des enthaltenen Nikotins bekannt." This brings additional ingredients and flavorings more into focus — substances that are already regulated more strictly in Germany and the EU than in many other markets.
Questions & Answers
What did the Korean study find out about the lung cancer risk from e-cigarettes?
The study, published in the journal "Nature Medicine," analyzed data from more than 4.5 million people and found that switching from tobacco to e-cigarettes increases the risk of lung cancer by about 56 percent compared with quitting smoking completely.
For whom is the risk particularly high?
The effect was particularly pronounced in individuals between 50 and 80 years of age with at least 20 "pack-years" of smoking history, i.e., a long-standing and intensive tobacco career.
What policy consequences does the study call for?
The authors advocate for location-based smoking bans, higher taxes on e-cigarettes, and extensive education and cessation measures, similar to those for tobacco cigarettes.